The Rich History of Aquamarine
Exploring the fascinating journey of March's serene blue gemstone through the ages
The Ancient Origins of Aquamarine
Aquamarine, with its tranquil blue hue reminiscent of clear ocean waters, has captivated humanity for thousands of years. The name "aquamarine" comes from the Latin words "aqua marina," meaning "water of the sea," a perfect description of its serene blue-green color. This connection to the sea has influenced how the gemstone has been perceived and used throughout history.
The earliest documented use of aquamarine dates back to ancient Greece around 480-300 BCE, where it was used in jewelry and as a talisman for sailors. Ancient Greek and Roman mariners believed that aquamarine was blessed by Neptune, the god of the sea, and would ensure safe passage across stormy waters. They often carried aquamarine amulets engraved with the trident of Poseidon (Neptune) to protect them from the dangers of the sea.
In ancient Egypt, aquamarine was associated with eternal youth and happiness. Egyptian mummies have been discovered with aquamarine amulets, suggesting the gemstone was believed to have protective properties in the afterlife. The Egyptians also used aquamarine in their healing practices, creating elixirs by placing the gemstone in water under moonlight, which they believed would cure eye and throat ailments.
Aquamarine Through the Medieval Period
During the Medieval period, aquamarine gained significant importance in both religious and secular contexts. The gemstone was highly valued for its supposed magical and medicinal properties. Medieval lapidaries (texts about gemstones) described aquamarine as an effective antidote to poison, which was a common concern for royalty and nobility during this tumultuous period. It was often powdered and mixed with water to create a potion believed to neutralize toxins.
Crusaders often carried aquamarine amulets for protection during battle and to ensure safe passage across stormy seas. The gemstone was also believed to reawaken the love of married couples and make the wearer invulnerable in legal disputes. Clerics and scholars prized aquamarine for its ability to enhance intellectual capabilities and accelerate the learning process.
In medieval Christian symbolism, aquamarine was associated with St. Thomas, the apostle who traveled across the sea to spread Christianity in India. The gemstone was often used in ecclesiastical jewelry and reliquaries, symbolizing purity and the cleansing power of water. Some medieval churches had aquamarine-studded crosses and chalices, believed to protect the congregation from evil influences.
Aquamarine Across Cultures and Continents
Throughout history, aquamarine has been valued by diverse cultures around the world, each attributing their own significance to this tranquil blue gemstone:
Asian Traditions
In ancient China, aquamarine was associated with the goddess Kwan Yin, who represented mercy, compassion, and eternal youth. Chinese artisans carved aquamarine into intricate figurines of deities and mythical creatures, believing the gemstone had the power to bring harmony and protect the household. In Japan, aquamarine was considered a symbol of happiness in marriage and was often included in bridal jewelry to ensure a long and prosperous union.
Indian Heritage
In traditional Indian culture, aquamarine was associated with the throat chakra (Vishuddha) and was believed to enhance communication and self-expression. Ayurvedic practitioners used aquamarine to treat throat and respiratory ailments. The gemstone was also believed to bring prosperity and was often worn by merchants and traders to ensure successful business ventures. Maharajas and nobility adorned themselves with aquamarine jewelry as symbols of power and divine favor.
South American Beliefs
In pre-Columbian South America, particularly among the indigenous peoples of Brazil (where many of the world's finest aquamarines are found), the gemstone was believed to be the treasure of mermaids and was used in rituals to ensure plentiful rainfall and good fishing. When European colonizers arrived, they were amazed by the size and quality of aquamarines found in Brazilian mines, leading to a surge in the gemstone's popularity in European royal courts.
African Traditions
In various African cultures, particularly in regions where aquamarine is found (such as Madagascar, Mozambique, and Nigeria), the gemstone was associated with water spirits and was used in rituals to bring rain during droughts. Tribal leaders wore aquamarine amulets as symbols of their authority and connection to the spirit world. The gemstone was also believed to enhance the power of divination and was used by shamans and healers in their practices.
Historical Aquamarine Varieties and Famous Specimens
The Dom Pedro Aquamarine
The most famous aquamarine in the world is undoubtedly the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, the largest cut aquamarine in existence. Originally weighing approximately 100 pounds (45 kg) in its rough form, it was discovered in the 1980s in a Brazilian mine. The gem was named after Brazil's first emperor, Dom Pedro I. After being cut and carved by renowned lapidary Bernd Munsteiner, the obelisk-shaped masterpiece weighs 10,363 carats (about 4.6 pounds) and stands nearly 14 inches tall. This remarkable specimen is now housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
The Queen's Aquamarine Parure
Queen Elizabeth II owned one of the most impressive collections of aquamarine jewelry in the world, known as the Brazilian Aquamarine Parure. The collection began with a necklace and earrings given to her by the people of Brazil for her coronation in 1953. Over the years, the set was expanded to include a tiara, bracelet, and brooch. The tiara, created in 1957, features multiple large aquamarines set in platinum with diamonds. The Queen wore these pieces frequently, showcasing the gemstone's association with royalty and elegance.
The Hirsch Aquamarine
The Hirsch Aquamarine, weighing 109.92 carats, is one of the finest examples of a Santa Maria aquamarine, the most prized variety known for its deep, intense blue color. Discovered in the Santa Maria de Itabira mine in Brazil, this exceptional gemstone was acquired by the renowned gem collector Maurice Hirsch in the 1950s. The gem's exceptional color, clarity, and size make it one of the most valuable aquamarines in private collections. It has been exhibited at major museums around the world, showcasing the pinnacle of aquamarine quality.
The Marbella Aquamarine
The Marbella Aquamarine is a historic 234-carat aquamarine that once belonged to the Spanish royal family. Set in a diamond and platinum tiara created by Cartier in the early 20th century, this exceptional gemstone was worn by Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain (1887-1969) at numerous state occasions. The tiara's design, featuring the large aquamarine as its centerpiece surrounded by diamond scrolls and smaller aquamarines, exemplifies the Art Deco style popular during that period. This historic piece demonstrates aquamarine's long association with European royalty.
Aquamarine in Modern Times
Renaissance and Enlightenment
- During the Renaissance period (14th-17th centuries), aquamarine became increasingly popular among European royalty and nobility. The gemstone was often set in elaborate gold settings alongside diamonds and pearls, showcasing the wealth and status of the wearer.
- The scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries brought a more analytical approach to gemstones. Mineralogists began to study aquamarine's physical and chemical properties, leading to the discovery that it belongs to the beryl family, along with emerald.
- In 1734, the Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt identified beryl as a distinct mineral species, providing the scientific foundation for understanding aquamarine's composition and formation.
19th and Early 20th Centuries
- The discovery of major aquamarine deposits in Brazil in the early 19th century dramatically increased the availability of high-quality specimens, making the gemstone more accessible to the growing middle class.
- During the Art Nouveau period (1890-1910), aquamarine was favored by jewelry designers for its subtle color and excellent clarity. René Lalique and Louis Comfort Tiffany created innovative designs featuring aquamarine in naturalistic settings.
- The Art Deco period (1920s-1930s) saw aquamarine used in geometric, symmetrical designs, often paired with diamonds and set in platinum or white gold. The gemstone's cool blue color perfectly complemented the sleek, modern aesthetic of the era.
- In 1936, the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) established the modern gemological standards for evaluating aquamarine quality, focusing on color, clarity, cut, and carat weight.
Contemporary Significance
- In 1952, aquamarine was officially designated as the birthstone for March by the National Association of Jewelers (now known as Jewelers of America), cementing its place in modern jewelry traditions.
- The discovery of new aquamarine deposits in Africa (particularly Mozambique, Madagascar, and Nigeria) in the late 20th century diversified the global supply and introduced new color variations to the market.
- Contemporary jewelry designers appreciate aquamarine for its versatility, durability, and the way its cool blue tones complement both traditional and modern designs. The gemstone is particularly popular in engagement rings as an alternative to diamonds.
- In modern crystal healing practices, aquamarine is associated with the throat chakra and is believed to enhance communication, self-expression, and inner peace. It's also thought to help overcome fear of public speaking and promote clarity of thought.
- Aquamarine continues to be a popular choice for commemorative jewelry, particularly for 19th wedding anniversaries, as well as a meaningful gift for new mothers, as it's believed to protect both mother and child.
