Aquamarine History | March Birthstone

The Ancient Origins of Aquamarine

Aquamarine, with its tranquil blue hue reminiscent of clear ocean waters, has been treasured by civilizations across the globe for thousands of years. The name "aquamarine" itself derives from the Latin words "aqua" (water) and "marina" (of the sea), perfectly describing its serene blue to blue-green color that evokes the beauty of the ocean. This connection to the sea has influenced aquamarine's symbolic significance throughout history, often associated with the protection of sailors and travelers crossing the waters.

Archaeological evidence suggests that aquamarine was used in jewelry and amulets dating back to at least 500 BCE. Ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Asia all prized this beautiful blue beryl variety. In ancient Egypt, aquamarine was carved into amulets depicting sea deities and was believed to bring the favor of the gods who controlled the waters of the Nile. Egyptians also placed aquamarine in tombs as a symbol of eternal youth and happiness in the afterlife.

The ancient Greeks and Romans had a particularly strong affinity for aquamarine. Greek sailors wore aquamarine amulets engraved with Poseidon (Neptune), the god of the sea, believing the stone would protect them from drowning and seasickness. Roman physicians used aquamarine to treat ailments of the stomach, liver, and throat, often prescribing the stone to be soaked in water which would then be consumed by the patient. The Romans also believed that aquamarine absorbed the atmosphere of young love, making it an ideal gift for brides.

Aquamarine Through the Medieval Period

During the Medieval period, aquamarine continued to be highly valued across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. In medieval Europe, aquamarine was believed to have powerful magical properties. It was thought to be an effective antidote to poison, a common concern among nobility of the time. Many royal goblets and drinking vessels were adorned with aquamarine for this reason, as it was believed the stone would change color or grow cloudy if it came into contact with poisoned food or drink.

Medieval scholars and alchemists attributed numerous medicinal properties to aquamarine. The stone was used to treat ailments of the heart, liver, stomach, and mouth. It was also believed to cure insomnia and promote restful sleep when placed under a pillow. Aquamarine was ground into a fine powder and mixed with water to create elixirs that were thought to restore youth and beauty.

In medieval religious contexts, aquamarine was associated with St. Thomas, the apostle who traveled across the sea to spread Christianity in India. The stone was often used in ecclesiastical jewelry and religious artifacts. The calming blue color of aquamarine was also linked to the Virgin Mary, symbolizing purity and peaceful devotion. Many religious figures wore aquamarine rings as symbols of their divine authority and spiritual purity.

Aquamarine Across Cultures and Continents

Throughout history, aquamarine has been valued by diverse cultures around the world, each attributing their own significance to this versatile gemstone:

Asian Traditions

In ancient China, aquamarine was associated with the eternal cycle of life and was believed to enhance intellectual abilities. Chinese artisans carved elaborate figurines and ornaments from aquamarine, often depicting dragons and other mythical creatures associated with water. In Japan, aquamarine was considered a symbol of happiness in marriage and was often included in bridal jewelry to ensure a harmonious union.

Indian Heritage

In traditional Indian culture, aquamarine was associated with the throat chakra and was believed to enhance communication and self-expression. Ayurvedic medicine used aquamarine to cool inflammation and calm an overactive mind. Indian nobility adorned themselves with aquamarine jewelry not only for its beauty but also for its supposed ability to bring victory in legal disputes and negotiations.

European Folklore

Throughout medieval and Renaissance Europe, aquamarine was believed to reawaken love between married couples. It was often given as a gift on wedding anniversaries to renew passion and commitment. In Germanic folklore, aquamarine was associated with the treasure of mermaids and was thought to be most powerful when immersed in sunlit water during a full moon.

South American Traditions

In Brazil, home to some of the world's finest aquamarine deposits, indigenous cultures revered the stone as a crystal of eternal youth and happiness. When the Portuguese colonized Brazil in the 16th century, they were amazed by the quality and abundance of aquamarine, sending many specimens back to European royal courts. Brazilian aquamarine became particularly prized for its exceptional clarity and vibrant color.

Historical Aquamarine Varieties and Famous Specimens

The Dom Pedro Aquamarine

Perhaps the most famous aquamarine in the world is the Dom Pedro, the largest cut aquamarine in existence. Originally weighing approximately 100 pounds (45 kg) in its rough form when discovered in Brazil in the 1980s, it was cut into a magnificent 10,363-carat obelisk by renowned lapidary Bernd Munsteiner. Named after Brazil's first emperor, the Dom Pedro is now housed at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.

The Queen's Aquamarine Parure

Queen Elizabeth II owned one of the most impressive collections of aquamarine jewelry, known as the Brazilian Aquamarine Parure. The collection began with a necklace and earrings given to her by the Brazilian government as a coronation gift in 1953. Over the years, the set was expanded to include a tiara, bracelet, and brooch. The stunning blue stones were sourced from Brazilian mines and represent some of the finest examples of gem-quality aquamarine.

The Hirsch Aquamarine

The Hirsch Aquamarine, weighing 109.92 carats, is one of the most valuable aquamarines ever sold at auction. Discovered in Brazil, this exceptional stone is renowned for its perfect rectangular step cut and intense blue color that rivals the finest Santa Maria aquamarines. The gem's exceptional clarity and color make it a benchmark for evaluating other high-quality aquamarines.

The Roosevelt Aquamarine

In 1936, the Brazilian government presented First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt with a spectacular rectangular step-cut aquamarine weighing 1,298 carats. This historic gemstone, remarkable for both its size and exceptional color, is now part of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum collection in New York, serving as a symbol of the diplomatic relationship between the United States and Brazil.

Aquamarine in Modern Times

The 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have seen significant developments in our understanding and appreciation of aquamarine:

Victorian and Art Deco Periods

During the Victorian era (1837-1901), aquamarine became increasingly popular in fine jewelry. Queen Victoria's love of colored gemstones helped popularize aquamarine among the British aristocracy and wealthy middle class.
The Art Deco period (1920s-1930s) saw aquamarine used in geometric, symmetrical designs that highlighted the stone's clarity and color. Cartier, Tiffany & Co., and other prestigious jewelry houses created stunning aquamarine pieces that remain highly collectible today.
In 1953, when Elizabeth II was crowned Queen of England, the president of Brazil presented her with an aquamarine necklace, earrings, and brooch, beginning her famous aquamarine collection that would later include a magnificent tiara.

Scientific Understanding and Mining Developments

The late 19th and early 20th centuries brought significant advances in gemology, revealing that aquamarine is a variety of beryl, the same mineral family as emerald, morganite, and heliodor.
Major aquamarine deposits were discovered in Brazil, particularly in the state of Minas Gerais, which produced some of the world's finest specimens. Other significant deposits were later found in Madagascar, Nigeria, Zambia, Pakistan, and the United States.
Modern mining techniques have made aquamarine more accessible, though truly fine specimens with intense color remain rare and valuable.

Contemporary Significance

Aquamarine is now firmly established as the birthstone for March, bringing its rich history into contemporary personal adornment.
The gemstone is traditionally associated with the 19th wedding anniversary, symbolizing the enduring nature of a long marriage.
In modern crystal healing practices, aquamarine is associated with the throat chakra and is believed to enhance communication, self-expression, and inner peace.
Contemporary jewelry designers appreciate aquamarine for its versatility, durability, and beautiful color, creating innovative designs that honor the gemstone's ancient heritage while embracing modern aesthetics.
Aquamarine's popularity surged again in 2018 when Meghan Markle wore Princess Diana's aquamarine ring at her wedding reception, introducing a new generation to the beauty of this historic gemstone.

Explore Other Birthstone Histories

The Rich History of Aquamarine